Skip to Main Content

Harvard Style Guide: Music/ audio

This guide explains how to use the Harvard Style. It includes a short tutorial.

Musical scores

Reference: Composer last name, Initials. (Year) Title of score. Notes. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example:

Handel, G. F. (1912) Alexander's feast : ode. Edited, and the organ or pianoforte accompaniment arranged by Vincent Novello. London: Novello.

In-Text-Citation:

  • (Author Last name, Year)
  • Author Last name (Year)...

Example:

  • Handel's score is beautifully arranged by Vincent Novello (Handel, 1912)...

 

Still unsure what in-text citation and referencing mean? Check here.


Still unsure why you need to reference all this information? Check here. 

Music streaming or subscription services

Reference: Band/Artists Last name, Initials. (Year of release) 'Title of song', Title of Album. Available at: Name of streaming or subscription service (Accessed Day Month Year).

Example: Fitzgerald, E. (1964) 'My Last Affair', Live in Japan. Available at: Spotify (Accessed 20 August 2020). 

In-Text-Citation:

  • Artist Last name/Band name (year)
  • (Artist Last name/Band name, year)

Example:

  • Fitzgerald (1964) sings about the uselessness of starting any new relationship…..
  • In the song, 'My Last Affair' she sings about the hurt caused in love (Fitzgerald, 1964).

 

Still unsure what in-text citation and referencing mean? Check here.


Still unsure why you need to reference all this information? Check here. 

CD or vinyl records

Reference: Artist Last name, Initials. (Year) 'Title of track', Title of Album [CD] or [Vinyl]. Place of distribution: Distribution company.

Example: Armstrong, L. (1987) 'Put 'em down blues', Hot five & hot seven : 1925-1928 [CD]. France: Joker Tonverlag AG.

In-Text-Citation:

  • Artist Last name (Year)
  • (Artist Last name, Year)

Example:

  • In his track 'Put 'em down blues' Armstrong (1987)....
  • 'Put 'em down blues' (Armstrong, 1987) is typical of the sound this artist can create with his ensembles...

Note: If referring to a whole album, cite as above, simply leaving out the 'Title track' element of the reference.

 

 

Still unsure what in-text citation and referencing mean? Check here.

Still unsure why you need to reference all this information? Check here.